# Determination of focal length power of convex lens by auxiliary lens method.

Abstract

Introduction:
A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis [1].
Lens  are  generally mainly two in number. They are-
1.    Convex lens and
2.    Concave lens.
A lens is biconvex (or double convex, or just convex) if both surfaces are convex. If both surfaces have the same radius of curvature, the lens is equiconvex. A lens with two concave surfaces is biconcave (or just concave). If one of the surfaces is flat, the lens is plano-convex or plano-concave depending on the curvature of the other surface. A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-concave or meniscus [2].

Fig. 01 (types of lens)
Concave lens: Convex lenses are thicker at the middle. Rays of light that pass through the lens are brought closer together (they converge).
A convex lens is a converging lens. When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens the refracted rays converge at one point called the principal focus.
The distance between the principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length [3].

Fig. 02 (convex lens)

Concave lens: Concave lenses are thinner at the middle. Rays of light that pass through the lens are spread out (they diverge). A concave lens is a diverging lens.
When parallel rays of light pass through a concave lens the refracted rays diverge so that they appear to come from one point called the principal focus.
The distance between the principal focus and the centre of the lens is called the focal length.
The image formed is virtual and diminished (smaller) [4].

Fig. 03 (concave lens)

## photographed is limited.

The concave lens can not produce a real image of a real object; but if a virtual object is placed within its focus, it can produce a real image of the virtual object. This principle is utilized in determining the focal length of a concave lens. At first a real image of a real object is produced with the help of a convex lens. Then a convex lens is interposed between the convex lens and its real image in such a way that the real image falls within the focus of the concave lens.
Theory:

From lens formula,
We have,                              … … … … … … … … … … … …  (1)
Where,  f = focal length of concave lens L2
U = distance of  I  from optical centre of lens L2
V  = distance of  Iꞌ from optical centre of lens L2
(Note. According to sign convention, u and v have positive values (being
measured in direction of incident light. v < u, u – v is negative. Hence  f comes
negative)
And   ,
… … … … … … … … … … … …  (2)

Where,  P = power
f =  focal length.

Apparatus:
1. optical bench
2. concave lens
3. convex lens
4. screen
5. index rod etc.

Experimental data:
 No  Of object Position of Apparent Object distance U=L~P Apparent Image distance V=L~I U= U+λ V= V+ λ Object (o) Convex Lens (p) Image with   convex lens(p) Concave lens (L) Image with combination (I) 1 0 17 37 28.5 42 8.5 13.35 8.9 13.9 2 0 17 37 26 47 13 21 13.4 21.4 3 0 17 37 24.2 52 15 28 15.4 28.4 4 0 17 37 23.7 57 13 33.3 13.7 33.7

Table: determining of ‘f’
 No Of object Object distance (v) Image distance (v) Focal length Mean focal length (f) cm Power,(p) =100/f(cm) diopter 1 8.9 13.9 -24.742 -26.82 -3.728 2 13.4 21.4 -25.845 3 15.4 28.4 -33.643 4 13.7 33.7 -23.084

Table for index error ( λ ) between convex lens & screen
 Length index rod (cm) l Diff. of bench scale reading in cm when the two ends of the index rod touch the concave lens & screen Index correction in cm  λ =(l-d) 30.3 29.9 0.4

Calculation:

Focal length ,

Percentage of error:

Result:
The focal length of the given concave lens is  -26.82 cm. with an error of  7.28%  and power is  -3.728 D

Discussion:
The image formed by the concave lens was focused on the screen by shifting the positions of the concave lens and not by moving the screen. This is necessary because the focused condition of the image would not change within an appreciable range of the movement of the screen.
The light emerges from the concave lens parallel to the axis and consequently no image is formed when LP is equal to the focal length of the concave lens.
Knowing the distances of an object and distance of image formed, we can calculate every accurate focal length. Our focal length were not very close enough and especially the first is too small. However those readings were taken more carefully and accurately.

Conclusion:
In this experiment we had determined the focal length of given concave lens and its power. During experiment, it was necessary to take position of lens by a distance of 4f for concave lens.

References:
[3]. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave-lenses-convex-lenses.html
[4]. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/concave-lenses-convex-lenses.html

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##MIST (Military Institute of Science and Technology)